Planning optimization
Planning and scheduling has an unusual failure pattern: the mathematics works, the pilot looks convincing, and the tool is abandoned within a year.
Constraint granularity is where projects die
Almost everything written about planning is about algorithms. The decision that actually determines success is how finely constraints are modelled — too coarse and the plan is ignored, too fine and it cannot be maintained.
Optimisation against live state
An optimisation API integrated with SCADA and PLCs under real-time constraints is a different engineering problem from one that reads a nightly extract.
MLOps at the edge
Shipping a model where R&D can iterate daily, on infrastructure that is not allowed to be down.
Planners are your users
Ten planners using something in production beats a better algorithm nobody opens. Change management is engineering work, and treating it as a phase afterwards is how tools die.